Malcolm X also expressed pride in some of the Nation's social welfare achievements, such as its free drug rehabilitation program. and the mainstream civil rights movement for its emphasis on nonviolence and racial integration. He was the public face of the organization for 12 years, advocating Black empowerment and separation of Black and White Americans, and criticizing Martin Luther King Jr. In prison he joined the Nation of Islam (adopting the name Malcolm X to symbolize his unknown African ancestral surname while discarding "the White slavemaster name of 'Little'"), and after his parole in 1952 quickly became one of the organization's most influential leaders. He committed various crimes, being sentenced to 10 years in prison in 1946 for larceny and burglary. Malcolm spent his adolescence living in a series of foster homes or with relatives after his father's death and his mother's hospitalization. A posthumous autobiography, on which he collaborated with Alex Haley, was published in 1965. A spokesman for the Nation of Islam until 1964, he was a vocal advocate for Black empowerment and the promotion of Islam within the Black community. Malcolm X (born Malcolm Little, later el-Hajj Malik el-Shabazz – February 21, 1965) was an American Muslim minister and human rights activist who was a prominent figure during the civil rights movement. 6, including Attallah, Qubilah, and Ilyasah
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